A polygraph is commonly known as a lie detector but it’s really just a machine with a number of sensors that measure things like heart rate, breathing rate, galvanic skin response and blood pressure while you’re being asked questions. Sessions can be three hours long and the results are examined by a trained polygraph examiner who decides if a measured reaction is due to deception or something else entirely. Modern polygraphs feed data into a computer which analyses the data in real-time.
Cornell University students [Joyce Cao] and [Daria Efimov] decided to try their hand at a more old fashioned polygraph that measures heart and breathing rates and charts the resulting traces on a moving strip of paper as well as a color TFT display. They had planned on measuring perspiration too but didn’t have time. To measure heart rate, electrodes were attached to the test subject’s wrists. To measure breathing they connected a stretch sensor in the form of a conductive rubber cord around three inches long to a shoelace and wrapped this around the test subject’s abdomen.
While the output doesn’t go into a computer for mathematical analysis, it does go to a PIC32 for processing and for controlling the servos for drawing the traces on the paper as well as displaying on the TFT. The circuit between the breathing sensor and the PIC32 is fairly simple, but the output of the heart rate electrodes needed amplification. For that they came up with a circuit based off another project that had a differential amplifier and two op-amps for filtering.
Since parts of the circuit are attached to the body they made some effort to prevent any chance of electrocution. They used 12 volts, did not connect the test subject to power supply chassis ground, and tested the heart rate electrodes with a function generator first. They also included DC isolation circuitry in the form of some resistors and capacitors between the heart rate electrodes and the amplifier circuit. You can see these circuits, as well as a demonstration in the video below. The heart rate output looks a little erratic, no surprise given that the body produces a lot of noise, but the breathing trace looks very clear.
[Joyce] and [Daria] were mentored in this project by Cornell’s [Bruce Land] whose students have been so prolific over the years that he has his own tag here on Hackaday. Pulling out a random sample of their projects check out this real-time video anonymizer, these FPGAs that keep track of a ping-pong game, or you can become a student yourself and take one of his courses.
That’s genuinely neat.
Although I am biased since I want to grab an old multiple channel paper chart one and use it as a low bandwidth oscilloscope. Well, I guess it would technically fit in with the older oscillographs.
I wonder why they didn’t add a galvanic skin response channel as it would have been easy to implement
“They had planned on measuring perspiration too but didn’t have time.”
They probably prioritized and only got this far before their deadline. I know the feeling.
Too much pressure – they couldn’t sweat it?!!
There is a potentially unsafe situation. The device is connected to line power on one end (via the power supply) and to the human body on the other end. According to the pictures they use a bench power supply, these are not medical safe devices.
Optoisolators separate the PIC from the servos. The large impedance of the PIC inputs are safe enough.
Ah, the human-connected side is powered from USB from a laptop, which isn’t plugged into the mains. If it were me I’d probably just use AA batteries, but their method’s good too. AA batteries wouldn’t have any of the noise that a laptop’s 5V out might have, which might not be a lot (it comes from one of the laptop’s switch-mode voltage convertors) but still could be more than you’d want in something this sensitive.
Great!
My girlfriend and I made an entirely analog ECG including a thermal paper printer using a homemade servo built with a strong neodymium magnet and a CRT coil, I hope you watch the video! :)
https://youtu.be/MhyKCaGeUqw
Your plotter-stylus looks a little like a hard disc head-carrier. Did you try that voice coil drive before?
Dangit! Now my wife can find out if I’ve been drinking.