Even though the majority of the Earth is covered in water, a surprising number of people around the world don’t have easy access to clean drinking water. The oceans of course are full of salt, and it is difficult to filter that salt out. Researchers at the University of Manchester have found a way to improve a graphene-based filter mechanism that could help convert sea water to potable water.
Pure graphene can do the job, but it is difficult to manufacture in commercial quantities. In addition, the membrane requires the creation of tiny holes, further complicating the production. The new method uses graphene oxide, which is very simple to make and deploy.
Graphene oxide membranes have been used before to filter out small particles, but they swell a bit in the presence of water and that change in properties is enough for salt to get through. The new research shows that constraining the membrane with a wall made from epoxy resin stops the expansion and allows the membrane to block salt.
Traditional graphene oxide membranes can’t block particles smaller than about 9 angstroms. The filter mechanism relies on spacing between layers of the filter which can be as broad as 13.5 angstroms in water. Not only does the new technique allow a spacing as low as 6.4 angstroms, but the spacing can be tuned for different purposes. The new filters can reject up to 97% of the salt in water.
We’ve seen people collecting water from fog. Of course, sometimes salt water is useful. For example, perhaps you need an antenna at the beach.
Making tiny holes can be done using a electron gun.
Looks like you can get the article from Arxiv too: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1701/1701.05519.pdf
means the filter just made up of pure graphene oxide and encapsulate by epoxy? may i know the graphene oxide is synthesis by which method?
good question …previously Manchester said the used cleaved graphite and now epoxy? the graphic makes np sense.
And of course the remainder higher concentration brine can have the water evaporated to get the salt which can then be processed with sequestered CO2 and bound with waste plastics too in order to produce concrete like building materials tougher than conventional concretes of last century :-)
CO2 needs to be unsequestered for the long term life on this planet.
Incorrect monkeys buggy and dangerous scientific misconduct to spread uninformed claims, please learn about:-
1. Radiative transfer and the Beer-Lambert relationship never refuted that GHGs interference with long wave radiation to space as confirmed by satellite data And thousands of instruments globally where Beer-Lambert an essential measurement tool. ie. GHG properties evident, never refuted.
2. Higher CO2 shifts some food plants equilibria to produce cyanogens (poisons ie cyanide and derivatives) eg Cassava and more recently starting to occur in Clover which is food for cattle thus affecting meats. We don’t need more carbs for food we need more proteins for the most part.
3. Higher CO2 results in faster growth of lignin (key structural component of trees) resulting in less density and greater porosity, the result is easier to catch fire in drier climates and more ferocious fires too such that fires propagate more easily by radiative transfer alone (ie. Not by direct contact) such as across fire breaks and roads – noticed more wildfires last 20 or so years all over the world where it’s drier ?
4. Higher CO2 lifts H2O which is a more powerful GHG, please learn about psychrometry
5. In general the changes due to various climate regions and lower crop productivity is resulting in greater use of nitrate fertilisers this means more N2O is being released which is an even more powerful GHG again ie amplifying effect.
6. Isotopic signature confirm fossil fuels primary cause of higher CO2 in atmosphere since start of industrial revolution also closely correlated with consumption. Eg Humans are burning equivalent of about 230,000 litres of petrol per second each and every second on average as assessed approx 4 years ago it’s now more than that. Work out the molar mass on that accumulation of CO2 in atmosphere if you can !
It should be obvious to all educated intelligent people that our biosphere has adapted to a level of CO2 which has been stable for millennia before the advent of the industrial revolution, the last 200 years or so rate of change upwards is causing several issues with greater heat retention and uncertainty in food production as well as ocean acidification it is important we reduce CO2 back to those times at the best, the least is sequester CO2 where feasible and best into useful products such as concrete’s etc…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing
If you can refute just one of the key Physics with evidence then get a Nobel prize and go on speaking tours worldwide and make millions of $ so far millions of physics and other uni students globally in last 30 years failed to refute the AGW issue one bit.
Incidentally Exxon affirmed AGW circa 1982 back then they had more facilities to confirm GHG issue and other details pointing to the long term dilemma we are in. Go argue with them instead of one line useless blurts on this forum, thanks.
What language are you trying to speak? Are you using Google to translate from your native language?
Did you misplace your reply?
it’s a magical wizard-troll
Yes, monkeys buggy is a common American English term.
LoL @Brian, to avoid embarrassment in future look at the comment replied to, in this case “monkeys buggy” is the handle/name the poster used making the unfounded unscientific claim I responded to, I followed normal forum style dialectic protocol pasting his handle for audit trail. Its odd though you didn’t notice as that sentence is distinct from the remainder of my post. Funnily enough your comment at first implied you pretended not to understand the content, ie. It’s mostly high school stuff though I am sorry for readers who missed high school and subsequent university experience – that’s the uneducated audience where the bulk of anti AGW and climate change denier emotional propaganda is directed to and further cements the importance of key education in Physics – not to miss reading comprehension and dialectic methods too of course, probably why some Americans have trouble understanding the French ;-)
Troll-Bot needs to take her medication. It’s OK sweetie, just be calm – come over here, I won’t hurt you. Promise…
“you pretended not to understand the content, ie. It’s mostly high school stuff though I am sorry for readers who missed high school and subsequent university experience”
Mike, you may or may not be a knowledgable guy, but the problem is that your delivery just plain sucks.
Plenty of people have mentioned this to you over years of your postings but the message hasn’t quite sunk in yet.
Your info may be valuable, but it’s deliveried in such an unintelligible manner that just puts people’s backs up.
If you’d been a lecturer at any learning establishment I’ve been to, I fear I and my fellow students would have sought your removal.
Or drug testing & tin foil hat removal.
Re your post. TLDR:
https://xkcd.com/1732/
Makes more of a point really.
Corrent, Massen probably has no idea of the time scales you are talking about and the importance of the carbon cycle.
Strange and vague thing to write ???? ????
You seem to be unaware of the various GHG’s retention periods (and lag times re carbon cycle also under the duress of organic decay at higher temperatures eg permafrosts and hydrates release) and in relation to Psychrometry eg H2O as well as the amplifying effect CO2 has on direct and indirectly related other GHGs. Please clarify your statement as at present one could infer you deny AGW effects or deny subsequent changes in climate but refuse to write that openly and only tangentially to cast aspersions implying fault ?
Anyone who has the slightest confusion or denial of climate change should read Exxon’s publication circa 1982 affirming fossil fuels and the Physics details of radiative transfer, the essential aspects seem to be covered fairly well in this link, with of course references the most important ‘gold’ to follow up the details…
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing
I also tend to agree that CO2 is a necessary molecular for our survival, not our enemy. All life needs carbon, most need oxygen to breath. I very seldom consumed raw carbon, it’s not a normal or natural part of anything’s diet. Plants just happen to be the food for most life on the planet, and they get their carbon from CO2. Plant grown in a greenhouse, with CO2 augmented to 1200-2000 ppm, grow incredibly fast and healthy. Regardless of your dietary choice, plants play a key role in producing your food of choice. Plants also tend to like a warmer climate. Logically, a warmer climate, more CO2, means more food, without all the chemicals and processing to improve yields, artificially. Basically, healthy food for all, healthier planet.
The scary warm, has only been maybe, 1 degree celsius, since the start of the industrial revolution (couple hundred years). That’s presuming that there is any accuracy to the proxy data used to make such an estimate. I’ll stick with the simple, and obvious, we need the CO2. The GHG is propaganda, for which you need to waste a whole lot of time trying to follow.
Well Harvey, leaving out the issue that there are quite a few plants that prefer cooler temperatures. The increase in temperature allows for significantly more moisture to be trapped in the atmosphere, allowing for greater rainfall in a single area and increasing flooding issues. I lived through Hurricane Harvey in Houston, TX and with the subsequent decrease in temperature and sunlight for those days I only had one type of my plants survive (Lima Beans!). Also, with the lack or reduction of the winter cycles there will inevitably be more pests, and subsequently more pesticide usage, not to mention pest spread disease.
Cites please.
And real world examples of this process working and it being used commercially.
Did you try checking with Google before making that post – just select my keywords, there are so many Zerg ?
Some of this already in text books ie past the peer review stage about using CO2 feedstock. I’d suggest also looking up cement manufacture in conjunction with removing chlorine from brine whilst exposing that and related hydroxides to CO2 as a start in respect of the chemistry permutations and there are heaps of other approaches eg plastic/mineral bindings in constant development and commercial products in select circumstances eg variants of Stucco. Google scholar would be your best source for the key chemistry and studies in concrete production methodology. Here are a few links which can tickle the choice of subsequent Google searches…
https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-made-concrete-using-plastic-waste-and-it-s-just-as-strong-as-regular-concrete
https://www.hunker.com/13401286/differences-between-portland-plastic-cement
https://qz.com/1123875/the-material-that-built-the-modern-world-is-also-destroying-it-heres-a-fix/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cement-from-carbon-dioxide/
https://www.cement.org/for-concrete-books-learning/concrete-technology/concrete-design-production/concrete-as-a-carbon-sink
https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/adding-irradiated-plastic-makes-stronger-concrete-cuts-co2-emissions/
https://phys.org/news/2018-09-plastic-concrete-sustainable-india.html
https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/plastic-infused-concrete-could-cut-cement-industry’s-carbon-emissions
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/43810/1/43810-yin-2015-thesis.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiKk86ruvngAhWMA3IKHQgiCFIQFjAFegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw1X6E2c691AKrd_kGdrvdOz
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283190662_Use_of_different_forms_of_waste_plastic_in_concrete_-_a_review
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dap6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA605&lpg=PA605&dq=“plastic+concrete”+co2&source=bl&ots=nvOr064s4X&sig=ACfU3U0csRdDIaojKL-ITx-WRmmY8xiCTA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjCsOS1u_ngAhUUT30KHY6WABY4ChDoATAQegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=”plastic%20concrete”%20co2&f=false
https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/78nnde/students_reinforce_concrete_with_plastic_that/
https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0cxPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263&lpg=PA263&dq=“plastic+concrete”+co2&source=bl&ots=dyA5EXHUWT&sig=ACfU3U2nu77e-8NF171QIGZQJEH2bSNKCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjsz87Xu_ngAhWaYH0KHQZPAIE4FBDoATACegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=”plastic%20concrete”%20co2&f=false
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://barchip.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EPC_PDS_BarChipR65_2017_email.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjvzrecvPngAhVZWysKHUgCC1E4HhAWMAN6BAgHEAE&usg=AOvVaw3-LVZSspNDhGY__J5P0OqZ
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/c/cement+manufacturing+plants
I’m not a chemist but aren’t the H2O dipoles supposed to orient themselves with their postive side towards the Cl- ions in the banner illustration?
yes – they have Hs butting up against each other as well
The next logical research area would be on the long term health effects of leaked graphene oxide nano particles, slowly fed to living animals in water. Probably minimal effects, but …
Relates molecules, Buckey balls, has been shown to give fish brain damage. I’m not sure about the process.
Bucky balls (c60 I think) would not have similar effects to graphene. I’m not aware of the possibility of graphene turning into c60, but consider that c60 is a bunch of microscopic balls, a fairly uncommon structure with properties unlike a chunk graphene.
Why not simply convert the brine mixture to plasma, separate the ions in a centrifuge, and then recombine the hydrogen and oxygen into water?
Because the end to end thermodynamic analysis shows the method you suggest and others similar such rely on sizable infrastructure and high energy usage woefully inefficient in contrast to other approaches especially in third world countries across disparate comparatively isolated population groupings…
Yeah that works for all matter recycling requirements, it just happens to be the most expensive option, then again if you had a fusion reactor for the huge energy input and really needed a universal matter recycler to feed into your nano assemblers it would be a perfectly OK solution.
That’s all fine and dandy, but they always assume there’s nothing else in the water than sodium chloride (or other salts). It takes exactly three minutes for all the pores of the filter to become blocked by dirt, microscopic pieces of plastic, bacteria, and algae.
The salt water needs to be filtered with the finest sieves in the world before it is filtered with this.
Conventional RO membranes also require pre-treatment of the water and periodic back flushing, so nothing new there.
Filtering larger particulates from water is already a solved problem
You must discuss energy/liter relative to other methods, otherwise this article is useless distraction. The problem of filtering out salt has been solved, but the problem of doing it cheaply and energetically efficiently is not. I don’t think this article should have been posted on Hackaday. Have higher standards and respect the wits of your audience.
Gimmick (not surprising for graphene research).
Graphene oxide (not graphene) has been around for years, its actually oxidized graphite. Stick a lump of graphite in a bucket of hydrogen peroxide (or whatever) and you have a bucket of graphene oxide. The planar particles you get aren’t exactly well-defined (lots of oxygen bearing functional groups at random positions). Nobody was really interested in oxidized graphite. It had some uses, but was fairly boring. Then graphene (not oxidized graphite) came along as the material with interesting electrical properties that was going to save the world, and now oxidized graphite is coming back out of the woodwork on the back of it, although it has practically none of the interesting electrical properties of graphene (but does share the same word, so people easily get confused between it and graphene. I suggest changing the name of the article).
Umm.. The Sun, solar still, yada yada
Cheaper, easier to fix – more efficient?
If graphene oxide is used, then why does the article’s title has just graphene in it?
And what about the polar effect of the particles?
I am interested in using graphene and follows different blogs about graphene. I am work as engeneer and interested in using graphene in producing Li-ion batteries. I heard that better to buy graphene in special laboratories like http://mstnano.com/products/graphene/