You’ve likely heard of Nitinol wire before, but we suspect the common base knowledge doesn’t go much beyond repeating that it’s a shape-memory alloy. [Bill Hammack], the Engineer Guy, takes us on a quick journey of all the cool stuff there is to know about Nitinol and shape-memory alloys.
The name itself is like saying Kleenex when you mean tissue, or using the V-word when you mean hook and loop fasteners. The first few letters of Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratories combine to form the name of what is essentially a nickel-titanium alloy developed in 1962: Nitinol. It’s called shape-memory because you can stretch or bend it at room temperature and it will return to the original shape when heated at around 75 C (167 F). This particular metal can do that because its bonds form a “twinned structure” of rhombus shapes — bending or stretching moves those rhombuses (or rhombi, take your pick) but doesn’t change which atoms are bonded to one another.
Has this material science excursion bored you to tears yet? That’s why we love [Bill’s] work. He has always done a fantastic job of demystifying common mysticism and this is no different. The video below does a much better job of illustrating what we’ve described above, but also pull out a Nitinol engine for added wow-factor. A straight piece of Nitinol is bent into a loop around two pulleys. The lower pulley is submerged in hot water, causing the Nitinol to want to straighten out, but it loops back to the top pulley, bending and cooling in the air and creating a lever effect that drives the engine. We saw a more complex version of this concept last year.
You know those eyeglass frames you can bend in any way and they’ll pop back to the original shape? They’re taking advantage of the super-elasticity of Nitinol. [Bill] also recounts uses as stents for medical applications, and oddball engineering tricks in the automotive industry.
It’s great to see the Engineer Guy back. Favorites of ours have been the science behind disposable diapers and the aluminum beverage can. More recently he released Faraday’s lecture series, wrote a book on airships, appeared on Outlaw Tech on the Science Channel, and started a family. Thanks for fitting these illustrative videos in when you can [Bill]!
I suppose “Nitanol” is a typo ?
Yup.
Good video but could have done with some explanation of the yield point. It must have some deformation point beyond which it will not recover.
Yes, an article like this we expect a full proof of Young’s modulus and Hooke’s law.
I remember when Scientific America did an article. One of the ideas is as robotic muscles. Slow robotic muscles.
The wire that is used to position teeth in orthodontic braces is NiTi. If you know someone who has braces, tell them to ask the orthodontist for the old wire when it’s time to change them- he/she is just going to throw the wire away. You can have all sorts of fun playing with that wire.
“…and started a family.”
No science behind that. :-D
I have to disagree but of the whole range of sciences that one can partake in that is one of the more entertaining.
I think it was around 1980, some company advertised free samples of Nitinol, just send them a SASE and they’d send you a sample. Well I did, and then I waited… and waited… and waited… and eventually it arrived and I planned all these amazing projects with the it.
Imagine my disappointment when I opened the envelope and found one inch of the stuff taped to a 3×5 card.
Should have told them you needed a nanosecond’s worth.
I remember a buddy of mine got a pair of glasses with this type alloy used in the frames. He immediately demonstrated it to me…. “See! It will bend and spring back to it’s original-” [snap] “…Aww.”
I drove him to the optometrist once I could pull myself off of the floor laughing.
There is one BIG problem with nitinol – the strain life. It takes from 10^5 to 10^7 cycles for fractures to occur. A slow 60 RPM kinetic device will last no longer than 27 to 277 hours.
https://www.nitinol.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Pelton-2011-NiTi-Fatigue-Microstructures-and-Mechanisms1.pdf
Hard reading, but interesting.
Explains why some nitinol shutter based dehumidifiers I bought failed after about 2 years… just outside the warranty period! What a surprise!