Environmental DNA sampling is nothing new. Rather than having to spot or catch an animal, instead the DNA from the traces they leave can be sampled, giving clues about their genetic diversity, their lineage (e.g. via mitochondrial DNA) and the population’s health. What caught University of Florida (UoF) researchers by surprise while they were using environmental DNA sampling to study endangered sea turtles, was just how much human DNA they found in their samples. This led them to perform a study on the human DNA they sampled in this way, with intriguing implications.
Ever since genetic sequencing became possible there have been many breakthroughs that have made it more precise, cheaper and more versatile. The argument by these UoF researchers in their paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution is that although there is a lot of potential in sampling human environmental DNA (eDNA) to study populations much like is done today already with wastewater sampling, only more universally. This could have great benefits in studying human populations much how we monitor other animal species already using their eDNA and similar materials that are discarded every day as a part of normal biological function.
The researchers were able to detect various genetic issues in the human eDNA they collected, demonstrating the viability of using it as a population health monitoring tool. The less exciting fallout of their findings was just how hard it is to prevent contamination of samples with human DNA, which could possibly affect studies. Meanwhile the big DNA elephant in the room is that of individual level tracking, which is something that’s incredibly exciting to researchers who are monitoring wild animal populations. Unlike those animals, however, homo sapiens are unique in that they’d object to such individual-level eDNA-based monitoring.
What the full implications of such new tools will be is hard to say, but they’re just one of the inevitable results as our genetic sequencing methods improve and humans keep shedding their DNA everywhere.
A trope in science fiction detective or heist stories is the character sweeping up hair from a barbershop and dumping it in the event scene, so the cops have way too many different DNA samples to identify the ones they couldn’t avoid leaving there.
You’ll need to go to a barbershop that pulls out the hair instead of cutting it, because the DNA is only on the roots.
Officer, I thought you said over twenty people were killed at the scene!
No, not wacked, *waxed*.
Somebody would still have to look through it for hair with roots to test.
A lot of writers get basic stuff like this wrong on purpose so their work doesn’t turn into a how-to manual for criminals.
Sweat has DNA though, and hair has sweat, so that voids your theoretical absolute
Crime scenes will never be the same again.
J Craig Venter’s book (guy who won the Human Genome sequencing race against the NIH/ Francis Collins) talks about how he went looking for RNA in the ocean and the amount was staggering. And RNA isn’t anywhere near as stable as DNA.
Stability is only one side of the equation. It is estimated that about 20% of the microbial biomass in the oceans die per day, largely because of viral lysis. With death on that scale, even unstable RNA will be easy to find.
Venter didn’t “win the race”. The NIH and him joined forces and published jointly.
Subtle, but important.
Besides, Venter was up to pretty ugly shenanigans, like patenting genes and such.
They were his own genes, so that seems fair.
Arguably most of those genes should be in the public domain as the original creator of the SNP that led too the gene is probably long dead.
I’ve met and talked with both Collins and Venter (mid 2000’s), and was doing my biochem and molecular biology PhD around that time. We’re all allowed our opinions but the private group did it way faster for way cheaper, no matter what “collabo” or joint publishing occurred at the end. I personally define that as an unequivocal win for both the methodology and science of the private Celera (IIRC) group. But as you say there is a lot of room for nuance.
Venter started applying for patents on genes based on expressed sequence tags, a clever hack to claim a larger gene based only on a smaller nucleic acid sequence. The US Patent and Trademark Office established procedures to deny issuing patents as the function of the full length gene sequence was just a guess and not actually known. Molecular biology vaporware and a clever hack.
Gattaca anyone?