Water-cooling A 3D Printed Rocket Isn’t Quite Practical

Consumer-grade 3D printers are useful for lots of things, but they kind of fall down when it comes to making stuff that survives high temperatures. [Mr. More Gooder] wasn’t deterred from a rocket build using FDM printed parts though, instead relying on water cooling to try and beat this practical limit.

The concept is simple enough—[Mr. More Gooder] printed a propane-burning combustion chamber and nozzle out of plastic that you’d totally expect to melt when the flames started. Thus, the nozzle was given fittings to allow water to be continually pumped through to try and drag away enough heat to let the rocket survive more than a few seconds. Unfortunately, during testing the uncooled combustion chamber quickly melted. A redesign with water cooling throughout performed a little better, until the water jacket began to leak into the main chamber and extinguished the flames. Melted plastic could be seen dripping out of the nozzle shortly after ignition, too.

Even if the nozzle did hold up for a longer period of time, it’s worth noting this is probably not a viable route towards a flight-ready engine. Mostly because you would need a huge supply of water to keep the components cool which would add a great deal of weight to any such build. There’s a reason NASA doesn’t recycle old drink bottles to make rocket engines, after all.

In any case, we love to see all sorts of rocket experiments, even the unsuccessful ones.

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Small Engine Gets DIY EFI Upgrade

Small internal combustion engines usually keep things simple, relying on carburetors to handle metering the correct amount of fuel and air. Recently, [Carlos Takeshita] decided his small engine could use an upgrade in the form of electronic fuel injection (EFI).

The build began with a Predator 212, a popular gasoline engine from Harbor Freight. [Carlos] set about kitting it out with a missing tooth trigger wheel to measure the crankshaft position with a hall effect sensor. The engine also scored a custom-built aluminium fuel cell, complete with a high-pressure fuel pump and regulator suitable for driving the solitary fuel injector installed in the custom intake manifold. A Teensy 4.0 is charged with monitoring a manifold air pressure (MAP) sensor and the crank position, and choosing when and how long to fire the injector to dose the engine with the correct amount of fuel. Files are on GitHub for those eager to dive deeper.

It can be quite a job to convert an engine to run with electronic fuel injection, but you’re certain to learn a lot during the install and tuning process. We’ve featured similar builds many times over the years.

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Machining A Two-Stroke Engine Out Of Aluminium

Recently [Camden Bowen] took a swing at machining a two-stroke engine out of billet aluminium, following adventures in 3D printing such an engine, as well as building one out of parts largely sourced from a hardware store. The sketchiest part here is probably the use of only a basic mill and lathe, making the milling of certain shapes a definite OSHA violation.

Two-stroke internal combustion engines are pretty simple from a mechanical point of view, with designs readily available. Add in a suitable material to machine and a modicum of machining and welding skills, and presto, you got yourself a not too shabby looking engine.

Of course, back in reality things are a bit more hairy. Not only are there many different ways to produce the parts – with some coming with a time penalty, monetary penalty, or both – but there are also myriad ways to hurt yourself and/or others. Fortunately [Camden] scraped by with just some (expensive) lessons learned and a major ruined part.

The final design features a single cylinder, with an initial pressure test showing a solid 150 PSI (10 bar) of compression. With that encouraging sign, a coil pack and contactor were added for some spark and a test run with the usual premixed gasoline-oil fuel.

Boringly, the engine mostly just runs and work as it should. This is of course not unexpected, much like how following the recipe for a pie produces said pie. But it does demonstrate how easy things are when you do not stray off the beaten path. The only significant issue was the flywheel wobbling slightly, likely due to a small manufacturing glitch, but this should not cause too many issues.

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You Wouldn’t Download A Combustion Engine

Although 3D printing it a great tool for making all sorts of things, the nature of the plastics used in most desktop FDM printers means it isn’t the first tool most would think of to build an internal combustion engine. [Alexander] is evidently not most people, as he’s on his third generation 3D printed engine.

There are 3D printed pumps to distribute coolant water and oil, plus some clever engineering in the head to make sure they don’t mix — a problem with a previous iteration. As you probably guessed, the engine isn’t fully printed. Assembling it requires add-on hardware for things like bearings, belts, and filters.

But it’s still impressive just how much of this beast is actually made of plastic. Not even fancy engineering plastic, either — there are a few CF-Nylon parts, but most of it is apparently good old ASA and ABS.

If you’re looking for “cheats”, the plastic engine block does get a stainless steel sleeve, and the head is CNC’d aluminum, but we hesitate to call anything that gets a homemade engine running a “cheat”. It’s hard enough using all the ‘right’ materials. Just like another 3D printed engine we featured, the carb is also an off-the-shelf component.

Still, it’s the dancing bear all over again: it’s not how well it runs that impresses, but the fact that it runs at all. We’ve also seen hackers use 3D printing to make steam engines, hot-air Stirling engines, and electric motors— all with varying amounts of non-printed parts.

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A hexagonal brass enclosure surrounds an aluminium fan with three blades. The fan has an integrated outer rim with a series of small holes around the rim.

Building A Rim-Driven Jet Engine

Rim-driven thrusters turn the normal propeller-motor arrangement inside out; rather than mounting the motor at the center of the propeller, they use a large hollow motor, with the blades attached to the inside of the rotor. They’re mostly used in ship propellers, though there have been some suggestions to use them in electric aircraft. [Integza], always looking for new and unusual ways to create propulsion, took this idea and made it into a jet engine.

Rather than using an electric motor, the fan in this design is propelled by miniature rocket nozzles along the edge. The fan levitates on a layer of high-pressure gas between the fan rim and the housing. To prevent too much pressurized gas from escaping, the fan and housing needed to fit together closely, but with minimal friction. A prototype made out of acrylic and resin and powered by compressed air proved that the idea worked, but [Integza] wanted to make to this a combustion-powered engine.

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If You Like The Sound Of A Thermoacoustic Stirling Engine, Check Out These Plans

[My Engines] has been doing some sterling work on Stirling engines for some years now. Their thermoacoustic engine is now finally far enough along to open-source, so the magic of collaboration can speed technological advancement.

You’ve probably heard of Stirling Engines, but what’s this “thermoacoustic” business? Hot sound? Well, that’s the translation, and it’s not a bad starting point for understanding what’s going on: the engine converts heat into high-amplitude sound waves — that is, waves of pressure — which means the engine itself has no moving parts. Well, almost. Obviously moving parts are required to get power out. In [My Engines] case he’s using a piston and linear generator, but otherwise it makes for a very simple, very reliable engine that can be fueled by any available source of heat. Say like burning methane from [My Engines]’s home biogas plant.

[My Engines] promises more videos to help you understand the construction in a way his previous videos might not detail, and has put 3D models and drawings at a public Google Drive. There’s also a Discord you can join, because apparently that’s the only way to communicate about projects these days.

The whole build is very much within range of a home maker, though there’s a lot more to it than the toy Stirling engines you may have made out of tin cans back in the day. If you want to play with thermoacoustics but [My Engines]’s design seems like a little much to get started with, you can make a demonstrator with some steel wool and a test tube. Be careful, though: model engines can be an addictive hobby.

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The Birotary Engine Explained

Everyone generally knows about piston and rotary engines, with many a flamewar having been waged over the pros and cons of each design. The “correct” answer is thus to combine both into a single engine design. The resulting birotary engine comes courtesy of Czech company [Knob Engines] which makes their special engine for the aviation market. The workings of this engine and why it makes perfect sense for smaller airplanes is explained by [driving 4 answers] in a recent video.

Naturally, it’s at best confusing to call an engine a “rotary”, as this covers many types of engines. One could consider the birotary engine perhaps a cross between the traditional rotary piston engines that powered early aircraft and the Wankel rotary engines that would appear much later. The fact that both the housing and the crankshaft rotate reinforces this notion of a piston rotary, while it keeps the fixed ports and glow plugs on the housing that is typical of a Wankel-style engine. Having both the housing and crankshaft rotate is also why it’s called the ‘birotary’.

The claimed benefits of this design include a small size, low vibrations, reduced gyroscopic effect due to counter-rotation, no apex seals, and less mechanically complex than a piston engine. This comes at the cost of a very short stroke length and thus the need for a relatively high RPM and slow transition between power output levels, but those disadvantages are why small airplanes and UAVs are being targeted.

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