Building A Hammond Organ To Understand How They Work

The Hammond organ is an early form of electronic– or perhaps electromechanical– musical instrument. It solved the very real problem of organs normally being the sort of thing you built into a cathedral, allowing a similar sound to fit into a piano-like form factor. Their workings are a so simple that it’s hard to wrap your head around it actually working– which is why [Uri Tuchman] built one on YouTube. Also for a gift exchange, but we’re not Santa, here– we’re here to learn, and [Uri] does not disappoint.

[Uri]’s organ is a bit smaller than what the Hammond corporation was putting out back in the day, just one hand-cranked octave– and it lacks the distinct spinning speaker in favour of plugging into any old guitar amp. It’s enough to get the idea across. Each of the twelve keys acts as a simple switch, wired to a pickup made from a coil of wire around a steel rod– much like a magnetic pickup on an electric guitar. The pickup faces the tone wheel, which is the part that feels like magic: the tonewheel spinning past the pickup acts exactly like the steel string vibrating in an electric guitar, its ferroelectric motions inducing a tiny current. The tonewheels smooth teeth are spaced to create sine waves at the frequencies corresponding to each key, so it has to be exact. That’s why while the rest of the brass-and-wood build is [Uri]’s beautiful craftsmanship, the iron tonewheels are CNC’d.

Aside from the amp it is plugged into, there are no electronics here. There’s nothing to double or otherwise alter the frequencies: one key means one tonewheel– twelve for this build– and if the RPMs are off everything is out of tune. Good thing [Uri] made it hand-cranked! Well, it is for a gift exchange. Maybe it’s a white elephant sort of thing, because we can only imagine that making it much harder to play. On the other hand, [Uri] demonstrates some neat effects by varying the RPM at the end of the video, so perhaps that’s a feature.

As nice as [Uri]’s work is, Hammond Organ Company filmed the construction themselves, back in the day if you want to see the true quill. Alternatively, you can get more of [Uri]’s craftsmanship with this square guitar.

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Thermoacoustic Sterling Engine Is Now Fully 3D Printable

Would you like to make your own energy? Why, who doesn’t in this era of rising costs! A sterling engine always looks like a good fit for that: highly efficient, with no risk of a boiler explosion. A thermoacoustic sterling engine looks even better, since it has only one moving part at the output end. A thermoacoustic sterling engine you can 3D print yourself looks best of all, and that’s what [my engines] has on offer, now that even the burner and hot end of his thermoacoustic engine are designed for SLA metal printing.

We previously reported on the open-source engine, but there’ve been some improvements worth talking about. For one thing, he’s integrated a biogas/methane burner directly inside the 3D-printable hotend. For another, that 3D-printed design allows for an excellent heat exchange geometry that would be very hard to get any other way. The whole thing is open source with plans available at OwnEnergy.org, where you can find links to the apparently-mandatory Discord channel and now an old-style forum to actually collaborate on the design, which is open-source. The site is also now the home of all data and discussion about [my engines]’s homescale biogas plant, which is the power source for this little engine.

If you’d rather print a combustion engine, you can do that, too, but you’ll need more “vitamins” than this unit requires.

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PVC Pipe Turned DIY Digital Telescope

[Makestreme] had always wanted to own a nice telescope, but found that budget would not stretch to anything above a cheap model with a limited 50 mm aperture. Wanting a better view of the heavens, the way forward was obvious—it was time to build a better telescope, instead!

The build is based around a 114 mm diameter mirror sourced from Amazon. It’s assembled inside a length of 5-inch PVC pipe of just under a meter to suit the 900 mm focal length of the concave reflector. 3D printed components are used to mount the mirror and control its position for proper focus and collimation. Traditionally, a reflector based telescope would use a mirror and eyepiece to provide a view to the user. However, [Makestreme] built this as a smart telescope, instead integrating a Raspberry Pi Camera Module 3 at the focal point. It’s connected to a Raspberry Pi Zero 2W, running off an 18650 lithium-ion cell and a 5 V boost module for portability. The Pi runs a Python script that hosts a small web server allowing access to the live camera feed along with controls for brightness, exposure, and gain. [Makestreme] then uses apps like SkyMap and SkEye to help aim the telescope at astronomical elements of interest.

If you’ve ever wanted to explore the heavens from down on Earth, building your own telescope is a great way to start. A camera-based build like this one can be a bit simpler than traditional builds, too, without the fuss of having to install an eyepiece.

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Hackaday Podcast Episode 383: QR Codes, Caving Gear, And The Old School Way To Learn Electronics

In this week’s episode, Hackaday Editors Elliot Williams and Tom Nardi start things off by getting excited about the recently announced 2026 Retrocomputing Challenge. From there the conversation will cover efforts to improve desktop 3D printing with lasers, an expensive grill with an ESP32 controller and an open source firmware, open source tools underground, and some impressive techniques to squeeze a bit more utility out of the common QR code.

You’ll also hear about turning PVC pipes into flat stock, old school Radio Shack electronic kits, and VR soldering demos. Stick around to the end of the episode learn about the latest developments in over-the-counter hearing aids and the 1-bit CPU that’s enjoying an unexpected fandom nearly 50 years after its release.

Check out the links if you want to follow along, and as always, tell us what you think about this episode in the comments!

Direct download in DRM-free MP3.

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Building A Discrete Component 75 Baud Modem

These days, modems are pretty fancy bits of kit, what with to keep up with the speeds of cable, VDSL, and fiber connections. At lower speeds, though, it’s entirely possible to build a modem out of simple discrete components. [sv3ora] did just that, building a simple modem for the CB2 Micro.

It’s a remarkably simple build.

The project takes advantage of the fact that the V1.54 firmware for the CB2 Micro enabled 75 baud serial communication. Thus, it made sense for [sv3ora] to build a 75 baud modem to suit. As was the way in the days of dial-up internet, the modem modulates data into audio, demodulates audio back into data, allowing the CB2 Micro to send and receive data over telephone lines, ham radio links, or to store and retrieve data via mediums like cassette tape.

The device is built out of good old BC547 transistors. along with a smattering of diodes, resistors, and capacitors as supporting hardware. That’s all you need to turn slow serial into audio and back again. [sv3ora] does a great job of demoing the hardware, using it to store a program on tape and retrieve it again later.

We love old school modems around these parts. We’ve even explored ways to build your own dial-up ISP in the past!

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This Week In Security: Apple Warns Users, Stripe Merchants Leak Keys, Copilot Helps Hack Itself, And Comcast Senses Movement

Apple has started sending some users push notifications warning that they have been targeted with specific malware. No specific information about the threat Apple detected is available. While multiple iOS attacks were released in spring of 2026, they all target much older versions of iOS and older hardware versions.

Users in 110 countries have received notifications recently, warning them they may have been targeted or already impacted by malware such. Apple typically uses the crash reporting mechanism for system apps to track new attack trends. The majority of users will likely never see an alert from Apple because malware with state-level capabilities like the Pegasus family is extremely expensive to develop. However, commercial availability means that some governments have deployed them against political opponents, protesters, human rights lawyers, and journalists.

If Apple pushes a security alert, it will show up as an email and a standard system notification, but also as a notification inside the Settings application. While email and notifications can be spoofed as part of phishing attempts, to date there is nothing which can generate false alerts inside Settings.

Almost universally in these cases, Apple recommends enabling “Lockdown Mode“, which adds extra protection to devices at the cost of decreased battery life and slower performance. Lockdown mode disables custom fonts on web pages, accelerated JavaScript, restricts message attachments over SMS and iMessage, and disables other common paths used by malware to steal data. Android devices offer a similar feature since Android 15 that is less comprehensive but can still provide additional safeguards for users directly at risk.

Attacking Airplane Networks

With research that will surely result in some breathless reports, researchers presented at Usenix 2026 an attack against the communications bus of a Boeing 737.

The ARINC 429 bus is a communications architecture for planes, similar to the CAN bus used in cars. Once you are connected to that bus, it can be vulnerable in the same ways cars can be vulnerable to data manipulation. In the Usenix paper, researchers discovered that one access port to the airplane communications system is easily reached from the outside of the plane, though “easily” in this context means “by airplane maintenance technicians”. The paper represents over a decade of work by the team in obtaining and building a test lab of avionics equipment to represent an actual airplane, culminating in an embedded device described as “the size of a quarter” that plugs into the communications port and provides remote access over WiFi.

It needs to be emphasized, given other recent news, that this is a piece of hardware being added to the plane which communicates over WiFi, and not a way to attack an unmodified plane via passenger WiFi!

Once part of the ARINC bus, it seems access is basically unfettered: the team describes being able to reprogram the autopilot, feed the pilot displays false data, and being able to modify the temperature and weight data shown, which could lead to miscalculations in take-off speeds with obviously catastrophic results. Fortunately, the researchers have also been working with Boeing since 2020 to address the issues being found, and the practicality of the attack in the wild remains largely theoretical. The research team has recommended removing the external ports in future aircraft, and blocking access to them physically, like with epoxy, in the current designs.

If reading security research papers is your kind of fun, be sure to check out the rest of the papers that were part of Usenix 2026.

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Spoofed Serial Number Unlocks Cricut Machine

[xssfox] recently found a Cricut Maker in an e-waste disposal. A quick scan over the device indicated it was in moderately good condition, with merely some perished rollers to contend with. The device was salvaged, with the awareness that Cricut is plenty good at disabling and locking down machines when it wishes. However, those measures didn’t stop [xssfox] from bringing it back to life.

The suspicion was that the machine had been locked out after the original owner received a warranty replacement or similar. Whatever the reason, the rollers would have to be repaired and the machine unlocked if it were ever to cut (Cricut?) again. Hooking the machine up to Cricut software showed that it was “deactivated”, so there was work to do.

The rollers were not a difficult replacement, but the hacking would take a little work. Examining the motherboard didn’t reveal any obvious EEPROMs, and the microcontroller was not one [xssfox] had the debugger to work with. Thus, attention turned to intercepting communications between the machine and the host PC over USB. This revealed the machine sending its serial number to the Cricut PC software in plain text with no checksums or encryption at all. Unlocking the machine was as easy as installing an RP2040 in between the Cricut Maker and the host PC. It was programmed to relay packets between the two and spoof the serial number in the process.

[xssfox] suspects a software-only solution may be possible, too, though hasn’t implemented one yet. We’ve featured her work before, too, like her efforts to spoof emergency traffic light preemption signals.