Interactive Hopscotch Tiles Make The Game More Exciting

December 18, 2025 by 4 Comments

Hopscotch is a game usually played with painted lines or with the aid of a bit of chalk. However, if you desire fancier equipment, you might like the interactive hopscotch setup from [epatell].

The build uses yoga mats as the raw material to create each individual square of the hopscotch board. The squares all feature simple break-beam light sensors that detect when a foot lands in the given space. These sensors are monitored by a Raspberry Pi Pico in each square. In turn, the Pico lights up addressable NeoPixel LED strips in response to the current position of the player.

It’s a simple little project which makes a classic game just a little more fun. It’s also a great learning project if you’re trying to get to grips with things like microcontrollers and addressable LEDs in an educational context. We’d love to see the project taken a step further, perhaps with wirelessly-networked squares that can communicate and track the overall game state, or enable more advanced forms of play.

Meanwhile, if you’re working on updating traditional playground games with new technology, don’t hesitate to let us know!

Turn ‘Em On: Modern Nintendo Cartridges May Have A Limited Lifespan

December 18, 2025 by 18 Comments

Cartridge-based consoles have often been celebrated for their robust and reliable media. You put a simple ROM chip in a tough plastic housing, make sure the contacts are fit for purpose, and you should have a game cart that lasts for many decades.

When it comes to the Nintendo 3DS, though, there are some concerns that its carts aren’t up to snuff. Certain engineering choices were made that could mean these carts have a very limited lifespan, which could now be causing failures in the wild. It may not be the only Nintendo console to suffer this fate, either, thanks to the way modern cart-based consoles differ from their forebearers.

Continue reading “Turn ‘Em On: Modern Nintendo Cartridges May Have A Limited Lifespan” →

Neutrino Transmutation Observed For The First Time

December 18, 2025 by 24 Comments

Once upon a time, transmutation of the elements was a really big deal. Alchemists drove their patrons near to bankruptcy chasing the philosopher’s stone to no avail, but at least we got chemistry out of it. Nowadays, anyone with a neutron source can do some spicy transmutation. Or, if you happen to have a twelve meter sphere of liquid scintillator two kilometers underground, you can just wait a few years and let neutrinos do it for you. That’s what apparently happened at SNO+, the experiment formally known as Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, as announced recently.

The scinillator already lights up when struck by neutrinos, much as the heavy water in the original SNO experiment did. It will also light up, with a different energy peak, if a nitrogen-13 atom happens to decay. Except there’s no nitrogen-13 in that tank — it has a half life of about 10 minutes. So whenever a the characteristic scintillation of a neutrino event is followed shortly by a N-13 decay flash, the logical conclusion is that some of the carbon-13 in the liquid scintillator has been transmuted to that particular isotope of nitrogen.

That’s not unexpected; it’s an interaction that’s accounted for in the models. We’ve just never seen it before, because, well. Neutrinos. They’re called “ghost particles” for a reason. Their interaction cross-section is absurdly low, so they are able to pass through matter completely unimpeded most of the time. That’s why the SNO was built 2 KM underground in Sudbury’s Creighton Mine: the neutrinos could reach it, but very few cosmic rays and no surface-level radiation can.  “Most of the time” is key here, though: with enough liquid scintillator — SNO+ has 780 tonnes of the stuff — eventually you’re bound to have some collisions.

Capturing this interaction was made even more difficult considering that it requires C-13, not the regular C-12 that the vast majority of the carbon in the scintillator fluid is made of. The abundance of carbon-13 is about 1%, which should hold for the stuff in SNO+ as well since no effort was made to enrich the detector. It’s no wonder that this discovery has taken a few years since SNO+ started in 2022 to gain statistical significance.

The full paper is on ArXiv, if you care to take a gander. We’ve reported on SNO+ before, like when they used pure water to detect reactor neutrinos while they were waiting for the scintillator to be ready. As impressive as it may be, it’s worth noting that SNO is no longer the largest neutrino detector of its kind.

The Quirky Peripherals In Medical PC Setups

December 18, 2025 by 14 Comments

Modern hospitals use a lot of computers. Architecturally speaking, they’re pretty typical machines—running the same CPUs and operating systems as any other PCs out there. However, they do tend to have some quirks when it comes to accessories and peripherals, as [tzukima] explores in a recent video.

The video starts by looking at typical power cables used with hospital computers and related equipment. In particular, [tzukima] talks about the common NEMA 5-15P to IEC-320-C13 style cable, which less sophisticated users might refer to as a kettle cord. In hospital-grade form, these cables are often constructed with translucent plug housings, with large cylindrical grips that make them easier to grip.

Digging further through business supply catalogs lead [tzukima] to discover further products aimed at hospital and medical users. In particular, there are a wide range of keyboards and mice that are designed for use in these environments. The most typical examples are regular peripherals that have simply been encased in silicone to make them easier to wash and disinfect where hygiene is paramount. Others, like the SealShield keyboard and mouse, use more advanced internally-sealed electronics to achieve their washable nature and IP68 ratings. These are peripherals that you can just throw in a dishwasher if you’re so inclined.

It’s a great look at weird hardware that most of us would never interact with.

Continue reading “The Quirky Peripherals In Medical PC Setups” →

A blue screen is visible, with an ASCII image of the text "Hello World" is displayed.

Designing A CPU For Native BASIC

December 17, 2025 by 17 Comments

Over the years there have been a few CPUs designed to directly run a high-level programming language, the most common approach being to build a physical manifestation of a portable code virtual machine. An example might be the experimental Java processors which implemented the JVM. Similarly, in 1976 Itty Bitty Computers released an implementation of Tiny BASIC which used a simple virtual machine, and to celebrate 50 years of Tiny BASIC, [Zoltan Pekic] designed a CPU that mirrors that VM.

The CPU was created within a Digilent Anvyl board, and the VHDL file is freely available. The microcode mapping ROM was generated by a microcode compiler, also written by [Zoltan]. The original design could execute all of the 40 instructions included in the reference implementation of Tiny BASIC; later iterations extended it a bit more. To benchmark its performance, [Zoltan] set the clock rate on the development board equal to those of various other retrocomputers, then compared the times each took to calculate the prime numbers under 1000 using the same Tiny BASIC program. The BASIC CPU outperformed all of them except for Digital Microsystems’ HEX29. Continue reading “Designing A CPU For Native BASIC” →

Molecular beam epitaxy system Veeco Gen II at the FZU – Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The system is designed for growth of monocrystalline semiconductors, semiconducting heterostructures, materials for spintronics and other compound material systems containing Al, Ga, As, P, Mn, Cu, Si and C.

Germanium Semiconductor Made Superconductor By Gallium Doping

December 17, 2025 by 12 Comments

Over on ScienceDaily we learn that an international team of scientists have turned a common semiconductor germanium into a superconductor.

Researchers have been able to make the semiconductor germanium superconductive for the first time by incorporating gallium into its crystal lattice through the process of molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). MBE is the same process which is used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices such as diodes and MOSFETs and it involves carefully growing crystal lattice in layers atop a substrate.

When the germanium is doped with gallium the crystalline structure, though weakened, is preserved. This allows for the structure to become superconducting when its temperature is reduced to 3.5 Kelvin. Read all about it in the team’s paper here (PDF).

It is of course wonderful that our material science capabilities continue to advance, but the breakthrough we’re really looking forward to is room-temperature superconductors, and we’re not there yet. If you’re interested in progress in superconductors you might like to read about Floquet Majorana Fermions which we covered earlier this year.

Underwater Jetpack Is Almost Practical

December 17, 2025 by 4 Comments

The jet pack is one of those pre-war sci-fi dreams that the cold light of rational consideration reveals to be a terrible idea. Who wants to cook their legs with hot exhaust while careening out of control? Nobody. Yet it’s such an iconic idea, we can’t get away from it. What if there was a better environment, one where your jetpack dreams could come true? [CPSdrone] has found one: the world’s oceans, and have taken that revelation to build the world’s fastest underwater jetpack.

Underwater? Yeah, water drag is worse than air drag. But there are two big advantages: one, humans are fairly buoyant, so you don’t need fight gravity with rocket thrust, and two, the high density of water makes small, electric props a reasonable proposition. The electric ducted fans on this “jetpack” each produce about 110 pounds of thrust, or just over 490 N. The first advantage is helped further by the buoyancy provided by the air-filled “hull” of the jetpack. That’s necessary because while the motors might be rated for submersion, but the rest of the electronics aren’t.

Alas, wearing the device on the back is considerably less hydrodynamic than hanging on behind in the standard ‘water scooter’ configuration. While they’re able to go faster than a swimming human, the ESCs weren’t able to handle the motors full power so we can’t tell you if this device would allow [CPSdrone] to outrun a shark with those 220 lbf on tap, which was the design goal. Apparently they’re working on it.

From the testing done on-screen, it’s safe to say that they’d at least need to hang on behind to get their desired speed goals, and abandon their jet pack dreams just as we landlubbers were forced to do long ago. Well, some of us, anyway.

Continue reading “Underwater Jetpack Is Almost Practical” →