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Longform articles, the best of what the Hackaday writing crew has to offer.

Putting Some Zig In A Linux-Based 3D Printer

July 15, 2026 by 17 Comments

Having Linux on so many devices is both a blessing and a curse. Sure, it is great that you can hack on things and modify them or even totally repurpose them. But it also means you have a fleet of Linux devices you have to manage and keep track of.

My current “main” 3D printer is a Flashforge AD5X: a nice, cheap machine that does four colors with the purge/exchange method. It sort of runs Klipper. I say sort of because Flashforge has Klipper running on a Linux host in the box, but it is massively crippled and modified. I’m sure it works for most folks. I’m also sure that if you know nothing about Linux, Klipper, or 3D printing, the experience is probably better thanks to all the cloud point-and-click interfaces. But, of course, I check none of those boxes.

I’ve had the printer for probably a year or more. Almost immediately, I put a “mod” on the printer to give it a more true Klipper interface and gave me things like shell access. There are several that I think will do this, but I used Zmod, which doesn’t totally replace the printer’s firmware; it just sort of patches it and extends it. You can easily bypass or even remove it and go back to the stock printer, although I would not want to.

In my case, the issue was a printer, but the same idea might apply to any embedded Linux system, from a router to a thermostat. Sure, it runs Linux, but is it Linux you can change?

The Problem

The AD5X runs Linux… sort of.

The Flashforge firmware and Zmod both will run on the AD5X’s little sister, the AD5M. However, the AD5M has a significantly less capable processor board than the AD5X. That means that Linux on the boxes is very stripped down. From Flashforge’s point of view, no one should be in the Linux OS anyway, and the author of Zmod probably figures every byte used is a byte taken away from the user or other advanced Zmod features.

It may seem like a first-world problem, but there were two things that irked me about the printer’s Linux. There was no less or more command for poking around files. There was also only vi as an editor. I did a few hacks to make myself happy. I wrote a pager in shell script, for example. I would try to remember to use my desktop emacs and tramp to edit files on the box. But it was a shame that there were some very basic tools lacking. Besides that, even the tools that were there like ls lacked help commands in case you want some strange option you can’t remember.

No Install

To save space, the printer doesn’t really have programs like ls, cat, and grep. Instead, it has a single busybox executable. This is common on small systems. You get one copy of the libraries and a single executable that will do all the work you need. You can invoke, for example, grep by running “busybox grep” or, if you make a symlink to busybox named grep, the user may never realize that you don’t really have grep installed.

However, busybox has to be built. You can’t easily install packages to it. So I couldn’t just run some package manager and install less or anything else. My plan was to produce a new busybox package myself to supply at least the missing commands and maybe some of the more basic ones, too. How hard could it be?

Continue reading “Putting Some Zig In A Linux-Based 3D Printer” →

UDP Broadcasting And The Joys Of IPv4 Subnetting

July 14, 2026 by 36 Comments

In the previous installment on UDP broadcasting and service discovery, the basics of both were explored, including an implementation in the form of NyanSD and its protocol. Contained in the comment section was a very good demonstration of why one of the most exciting aspects of software development is the opportunity to share your latest creations with other people. This being the ability to get solid feedback on all the points – including any potential boneheaded omissions – that you really should address, whether intentional or accidental.

The most pertinent point raised was definitely that of broadcast addresses and IPv4 subnets, with the latter topic especially being something that the sysadmins at the office would talk about all the time, but which us software developers were always happy to ignore as something that didn’t concern us. Turns out the joke was on me and everyone else – like our esteemed readers – who thought that they could escape the fascinating world of subnets, as today we’ll take an in-depth look at what subnets are and how they are relevant to the world of UDP network discovery.

I somewhat alluded in the first article to the topic of ‘which broadcast address to use’ as being somewhat of a rough topic to figure out, which is clearly why I just stuck to a blatantly ‘works for me’ /24 subnet that usually will work on networks, until it does not.

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The Death Of Physical Media And The Real Challenges To Software Archiving

July 13, 2026 by 30 Comments

Along with the many displays of outrage, gnashing of teeth and other displays of profound grief at the recent news that Sony will no longer manufacture physical game discs come 2028, we have also heard some voices pipe up with a variety of statements, such as that this decision makes game archiving basically impossible. Of course, the truth of the matter is that software archiving in general has become much harder already over the past decades, while game consoles are just late to the archiving-hostile party.

As an example, one merely has to contrast Sony’s PlayStation with e.g. the Valve Steam store and software by juggernauts like Adobe and Autodesk. Here the former moved after the Creative Suite (CS6) series of Photoshop and other tools fully over to the Creative Cloud (CC) subscription model, where DRM and constant rental software renewals are in order. Unlike that disc copy of CS6 Master Collection that will stay good practically forever, there’s nothing really to archive with Adobe’s CC software.

Similarly, with digital game downloads and their constant patches now put inside a heavily encrypted environment that relies on a special launcher, preserving video games has been turned into into a virtual nightmare for many years now.

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A Brief History Of The Crazy Old 7-Segment Display

July 9, 2026 by 17 Comments

How old is the seven-segment display? Surely it is a product of the 1970s. After all, calculators started showing up, and the height of junior high humor was plugging 7734 into your calculator and showing it to someone upside down. Of course, for it to go mainstream, maybe they really originated in the 1960s, but no earlier than that, right? Actually, no. Sure, the LED seven-segment display had to wait for LEDs. But the actual idea is much older than that.

The concept of building numbers from a small set of reusable segments predates LED displays by decades. In fact, the basic idea appears in patents from the early 1900s and may have roots in even older mechanical signs and printing techniques.

The history isn’t entirely straightforward. Unlike vacuum tubes or transistors, segmented displays evolved gradually through a series of practical ideas rather than one defining invention.

Blacking out the Eight

While looking into the history of segmented displays, I was reminded of something I’d seen years ago in retail stores: reusable price tags printed with rows of eights.

Rather than printing every possible price, the clerk simply used a marker to black out portions of each figure, transforming an 8 into whatever digit was needed. Cover a few strokes, and the eight becomes a three. Remove a different set, and it becomes a zero or a five. It was, in essence, a manual segmented display.

Finding the exact origin of these price tags is akin to finding out where Romans bought sponges. They were inexpensive commercial supplies, not the sort of products that historians carefully documented. My recollection is from the middle of the twentieth century, but the underlying concept is almost certainly older.

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Art of 3D printer in the middle of printing a Hackaday Jolly Wrencher logo

Is Now The Time For Volumetric 3D Printing?

July 7, 2026 by 29 Comments

Of all innovations adopted by the maker community within the past couple of decades, one stands among the rest on top for anything regarding manufacturing. It goes without saying here at Hackaday how many projects have been reliant on using the technology to turn their ideas into reality. 3D printing has been a maker community invention and, in return, has expanded this hacky community into something that anyone with an imagination can get into. It also goes without saying that the layer-based tech imposes limits on what we can actually create: think overhangs and layer adhesion. However, there’s a possibility that a recent offshoot of this scrappy community has the power to eliminate some of these faults.

Volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) is a young technology that has a similar start to many new tech toys, including the original SLA of the first 3D printers. That is expensive and completely stuck in the laboratory… Fortunately, that’s not where 3D printing as a whole stayed, as the RepRap project managed to bring the obscure technology to the hobbyists’ main stage. An entire group of people formed and spent countless hours until the useless pieces of poorly extruded plastic could form parts impossible to make with anything else. A cool quirk of history is that it likes to repeat: examples spur recreation, and this appears to be happening with the technology found within VAM printing.

Continue reading “Is Now The Time For Volumetric 3D Printing?” →

Ultra-Long Range Flights To Ease Australian Air Travel

July 6, 2026 by 72 Comments

Pity the poor Australians. Isolated on a jagged hunk of land far from everywhere else, these industrious people have to take two-legged flights (or more) to reach a great many destinations in the northern hemisphere. It’s expensive, time consuming, and makes planning a trip a complete headache when wars break out around popular hub airports.

One airline is trying to solve this problem. The nation’s flag carrier, Qantas, has been hard at work on Project Sunrise. The goal is to run some of the longest non-stop commercial passenger flights ever, with great effort going into solving the technical and economic challenges involved.

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Know Your Food: Organic Production

July 2, 2026 by 37 Comments

A few weeks ago we published the first in a new series of articles, Know Your Food. It was born out of the realisation that most people know surprisingly little about what they eat, and to apply a bit of Hackaday curiosity to received opinion on the subject. As we put it then: “To know both how common foodstuffs should be made, as well as how they are made industrially, should be an essential for everyone” We’ll continue in that vein, with a look at organic food.

If you buy your food in a supermarket it’s likely that in the vegetable aisle you’ll be presented with a choice. On one hand you will have the normal vegetable, and on the other and usually for a slightly higher price, the organic version of the same vegetable. What’s going on?

So What Is This Organic Stuff All About?

A watercolour picture of a bucolic scene with a farmhouse surrounded by trees, and some cows in the foreground.
It is unlikely that a typical organic farm in the 2020s will resemble this John Constable painting. John Constable, Public domain.

Organic production is a system of agriculture that emphasises natural fertilisers, pesticides, and farming methods over synthetic or intensive ones. It has its roots in the first half of the 20th century, and as the decades progressed it has become an important sector of agricultural industry. I grew up steeped in organic agriculture because my grandfather was an early adherent in the years following the war, so I’ve seen it from the sharpest end. There is a lot to commend organic production for and plenty of reasons to embrace it, but with that come some problematic aspects, and even dubious claims. Here I’ll try to unpick some of that.

It’s tempting to believe that all organic production is somehow a return to a 19th century rural idyl, complete with the obligatory chickens in the farmyard. Some organic producers do take a slice of this back-to-the-land approach to their craft, but the reality of organic farming is a very modern approach to managing the ecosystem. Organic farmers are not wary of progress, and neither are they reluctant to use pesticides or other chemicals. Instead they do so according to the principles of organic agriculture, so any techniques they use are designed to be beneficial to the ecosystem, and any chemicals have a natural origin. Continue reading “Know Your Food: Organic Production” →